This study contributes to the contemporary discussion on school drop-out. Based on ethnographic materials I analyze the life contexts of working-class families in Mexico. Two case-stories from these materials on school drop-outs are presented and analyzed here. These two young people constructed narrative self-understandings and orientations about their lives and school drop-out in which they describe their experiences of school as a way to participate in "multiple worlds" across different social contexts in search of more rewarding life options than school. (...) Confronted with collective cultural meanings about school, children and teenagers are able to construct a personal sense legitimating or resisting these collective meanings. This is occurring in a situation where important changes are taking place across generations concerning the meaning of school resulting from historical, economical and national changes and from the ways in which people use and enact collective cultural meanings about school. I argue for a reevaluation of the forms of participation of working class families and children in school. And I conclude that we need to replace the predominant disconnected understanding of the value of school learning and school knowledge with an understanding of the meaning of school in children's and teenagers' participation across different contexts with different relations to others. (shrink)

Executive function (EF) and language learning play a prominent role in early childhood development. Empirical research continues to point to a concurrent relation between these two faculties. What has been given little attention, however, is the association between EF and speech articulation abilities in children. This study investigated this relation in children aged 4–6 years. Significant correlations indicated that children with better EF [via parental report of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) inventory] exhibited stronger speech sound production (...) abilities in the articulation of the “s” and “sh” sounds. Furthermore, regression analyses revealed that the Global Executive Composite (GEC) of EF as measured by the BRIEF, served as a predictor for speech sound proficiency and that speech sound proficiency served as a predictor for the GEC. Together, these results demonstrate the imbricated nature of EF and speech sound production while bearing theoretical and practical implications. From a theoretical standpoint, the close link between EF and speech articulation may indicate a common ontogenetic pathway. From a practical perspective, the results suggest that children with speech difficulties could be at higher risk for EF deficits. (shrink)

Martin Gustafsson and Richard Sørli. The Philosophy of J. L. Austin. Oxford. Oxford University Press, 2011. ISBN: 9780199219759 Reviewed by Claudia Bianchi.

Background The prioritization protocols for accessing adult critical care in the extreme pandemic context contain tiebreaker criteria to facilitate decision-making in the allocation of resources between patients with a similar survival prognosis. Besides being controversial, little is known about the public acceptability of these tiebreakers. In order to better understand the public opinion, Quebec and Ontario’s protocols were presented to the public in a democratic deliberation during the summer of 2022. Objectives (1) To explore the perspectives of Quebec and Ontario (...) citizens regarding tiebreakers, identifying the most acceptable ones and their underlying values. (2) To analyze these results considering other public consultations held during the pandemic on these criteria. Methods This was an exploratory qualitative study. The design involved an online democratic deliberation that took place over two days, simultaneously in Quebec and Ontario. Public participants were selected from a community sample which excluded healthcare workers. Participants were first presented the essential components of prioritization protocols and their related issues (training session day 1). They subsequently deliberated on the acceptability of these criteria (deliberation session day 2). The deliberation was then subject to thematic analysis. Results A total of 47 participants from the provinces of Quebec (n = 20) and Ontario (n = 27) took part in the online deliberation. A diverse audience participated excluding members of the healthcare workforce. Four themes were identified: (1) Priority to young patients - the life cycle - a preferred tiebreaker; (2) Randomization - a tiebreaker of last resort; (3) Multiplier effect of most exposed healthcare workers - a median acceptability tiebreaker, and (4) Social value – a less acceptable tiebreaker. Conclusion Life cycle was the preferred tiebreaker as this criterion respects intergenerational equity, which was considered relevant when allocating scarce resources to adult patients in a context of extreme pandemic. Priority to young patients is in line with other consultations conducted around the world. Additional studies are needed to further investigate the public acceptability of tiebreaker criteria. (shrink)

The present study aimed to analyze the stability of the memory of a stressful event (medical examination within a hospital setting) over time in young people (age range 12 to 21, Mage = 15.11 years old, SD = 3.047) with mild or moderate intellectual disability (IQ = 54.32, SD = 13.47). The results show a stability of the memory of what happened an hour and a week after the event in relation to the people involved, the apparatus used, and the (...) parts of the body explored. No interaction effects were found between the stability of memory over time and the level of intellectual disability. The level of disability (mild or moderate) only affected the description of the doctor who performed the exploration and the explored parts of the body, showing better results for people with mild disability. In addition, the results highlight the relationship between memory and IQ, especially verbal IQ. (shrink)

Economists since the First Industrial Revolution have been interested in the links between economic growth and resources, often pointing to resource scarcities as a hindrance to growth. Offering a counter perspective, this volume highlights the positive role that scarcities can play in inducing technical progress and economic growth. It outlines a structural framework for the political economy of scarcity and rents, and offers a novel way of organizing the evidence concerning the role of resources in industrial growth. This book proposes (...) a major shift in the treatment of scarcity issues by focusing on bottlenecks and opportunities arising within the production system, and will appeal to economists and policy makers interested in the role of resources as triggers of structural change. (shrink)

I. Les voies d’un « chemin a-religieux vers la religion » La publication, en 2014, du tome XLII des Husserliana, dont la troisième section est intitulée « Metaphysik : Monadologie, Teleologie und philosophische Theologie », a rendu accessible un nombre conséquent de textes où s’illustre l’approche husserlienne de la question de Dieu. Sans attendre ce travail d’édition, une littérature importante était toutefois déjà disponible sur le sujet, même en langue française. De la traduction, par Jacq...

This empirical study reports the implementation and assessment of service learning in management education. Principles of Management students worked in teams to support Campus Kitchens, a national program affiliated with colleges and universities, in recovering surplus food and delivering it to community members. Student perceptions regarding civic engagement and social responsibility, application of skills, and professional development were assessed. Two complete cycles of implementation and assessment are chronicled. The sample size for Cycle 1 was 123 students and for Cycle 2 (...) the sample size was 91 students. The authors describe how empirical as well as anecdotal data drove the changes made to improve the service-learning experience. (shrink)

Examining the costs and motivations of warfare is key to conundrums concerning the relevance of this troubling phenomenon to the evolution of social attachment and cooperation, particularly during adolescence and young adulthood—the developmental time period during which many participants are first recruited for warfare. The study focuses on Samburu, a pastoralist society of approximately 200,000 people occupying northern Kenya’s semi-arid and arid lands, asking what role the emotionally sensitized, peer-driven adolescent life stage may have played in the cultural and genetic (...) coevolution of coalitional lethal aggression. Research in small-scale societies provides unparalleled opportunities for sharply defined variables, particularly in age generation societies in which all young men are initiated into “warriorhood.” Proposing an epigenetic and component behavior approach, we examine whether raiding activities such as number of raids, killing, and sparing enemy lives associate with DNA methylation in two candidate genes: MAOA, linked to mood and arousal, and NR3C1, linked to stress and immune response. We report statistically significant associations between the epigenetic variables and the combat variables of overall raiding activity and reportedly showing mercy to enemies. In contrast, epigenetic variables did not associate with post-traumatic stress disorder symptom scores, and the only combat variable associated with PTSD was losing one’s own livestock in a raid. These findings raise important questions concerning the mechanisms driving warfare’s paradoxical mix of violent and altruistic behaviors. (shrink)

Dem Erscheinen der seit etwa zwanzig Jahren angekündigten Edition der Vita des Andreas Salos (im folgenden VA) durch L. Rydén (im folgenden R.) ist mit großem Interesse entgegengesehen worden, zumal R. in der Zwischenzeit schon mehrere Arbeiten vorgelegt hat, die auf seinem neuen Text basierten. Möglicherweise hat dieser lange Zeitraum dafür gesorgt, daß man besonders hohe Erwartungen in das Werk gesetzt hat, an denen es nun nach seinem Erscheinen gemessen wird. Das Werk umfaßt zwei Bände, von denen der erste das (...) Abkürzungsverzeichnis, eine ausführliche Einleitung und die Indizes, der zweite den Text, eine Übersetzung ins Englische und den Kommentar enthält. (shrink)

Claudia Déméné,Anne Marchand | : La diminution de la durée de vie des produits électroniques est à l’origine de nombreux débats. Le fabricant a traditionnellement été désigné comme le principal responsable de ce phénomène, alors que l’usager est généralement considéré comme une victime. Bien que le fait soit peu reconnu, les autorités politiques exercent également une influence sur la pérennité des biens par le biais des stratégies qu’elles adoptent et des règlements qu’elles instaurent. À partir d’une analyse critique de (...) la littérature sur ce thème, le présent article a pour objectif de jeter un nouveau regard sur l’obsolescence en discutant des responsabilités souvent ambiguës de ces trois acteurs qui, à différents niveaux, influencent la durée de vie des appareils électroniques. Cet article révèle que le cadre législatif européen, visant principalement les fabricants, offre des résultats mitigés pour lutter contre l’obsolescence des équipements électroniques. Sur la base de ce constat, les autorités politiques devraient également reconnaître l’influence de l’usager dans la diminution de la durée de vie des produits électroniques en vue d’instaurer des outils de politique environnementale permettant une gestion plus durable et efficace de ce type de biens. À cette fin, l’affichage environnemental de la durée de vie est explorée dans le but de mieux informer l’usager, à l’achat, de la durée de vie des appareils électroniques, et potentiellement minimiser l’obsolescence. | : The decrease in the lifespan of electronic products is the source of many debates. The manufacturer has traditionally been designated as the main cause of the decrease in the lifespan of electronic devices, while the consumer is usually considered as a victim. Although it is little known, political authorities have also an influence on the goods durability regarding the strategies they choose and the regulations they establish. Based on a critical analysis of literature, the present article aims at bringing a new perspective on obsolescence by discussing the ambiguous responsibilities of these three actors who, at different levels, influence the lifespan of electronic appliances. This article reveals that the current legal framework first aims at the manufacturers, but offers mitigated results to take concrete measures against obsolescence. In the view of this finding, political authorities should also recognize the influence of user in the decrease in product lifetimes in order to introduce environmental policy instruments to tend towards sustainable management of electronic equipment. To this end, the environmental labelling in product lifetimes is explored to better inform the user, at the time of purchase, on the electronic device lifespan and potentially minimize obsolescence. (shrink)

Si nous avons placé notre examen du traitement théorique que Michel Henry a réservé à l?intentionnalité sous le signe du fondement qu?il cherche à lui assigner, c?est parce que l?une de nos principales ambitions sera de montrer que la critique que le philosophe français fait de ce leitmotiv de la phénoménologie husserlienne ne doit pas être comprise comme une tentative d?expulsion de l?intentionnalité hors du champ des recherches phénoméno­logiques, mais comme une entreprise de fondation. Dans cette perspective, le point de (...) départ de Michel Henry réside dans une question très simple : l?intentionnalité est-elle susceptible de se fonder elle-même, trouve-t-elle son fondement en elle-même ? Ou sinon, quelle est sa condition de possibilité ? Ainsi, plutôt que de se contenter d?une attitude descriptive à l?égard d?un comportement intentionnel qui serait à chaque fois déjà donné, déjà opérant, il s?agit de soumettre l?intentionnalité à un questionnement de type trans­cendantal, pour la reconduire vers ce « qui la rend ultimement possible » 1 . Le trajet suivi par cette reconduction de l?intentionnalité à son fonde­ment est esquissé par Michel Henry de façon exemplaire dans son article, désormais célèbre, de 1995, « Phénoménologie non intentionnelle : une tâche de la phénoménologie à venir » 2 ; c?est ce texte qui nous donnera la première assise de notre analyse. Toutefois, précisément. (shrink)

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion.

Claudia Nadeau-Morissette | : En théorie littéraire comme dans tout domaine scientifique, certaines catégories font fortune au point de ne plus être remises en question par les chercheurs. Ce fut le cas de l’idéalisme et du réalisme dans l’interprétation de l’oeuvre romanesque de Premchand. De concepts théoriques, ces catégories sont devenues les échafauds sur lesquels s’est construit un schéma idéologique en trois phases de l’oeuvre et de la pensée de cet écrivain, le faisant passer du stade de l’idéalisme au (...) réalisme. Le présent article examine comment s’est opéré ce glissement chez les critiques de Premchand et les conséquences qu’il a eues dans l’analyse de la dimension religieuse de son oeuvre. | : In the theory of literature, like in any scientific domain, some categories become so popular that they are left unquestioned by the scholars. This is the case of idealism and realism when it comes to the interpretation of the fiction works of Premchand. These categories, from theoretical concepts, become the base on which an ideological schema of this writer’s work and thought is constructed in three steps, evolving from the stage of the idealism to that of the realism. The present article looks at how this shift finds its way with the critics of Premchand and the consequences they have on the analysis of the religious dimension of his work. (shrink)

Riassunto: L’impianto cocleare è una neuroprotesi che consente un recupero parziale dell’udito nella persona sorda. Nonostante la sua generale efficacia nel contrastare alcuni dei problemi legati alla sordità, il suo utilizzo è stato fortemente osteggiato da quella parte della comunità sorda che vede nella sordità una forma di identità culturale e non una patologia. Questo articolo inquadra in una prospettiva neuroetica le preoccupazioni della comunità sorda – difficilmente comprensibili agli udenti – esaminando le analogie fra il rifiuto dell’IC e il (...) disagio che si osserva nella popolazione generale relativamente al Potenziamento Cognitivo. Nel PCog, individui sani insoddisfatti delle proprie prestazioni, o comunque desiderosi di migliorarle, ricorrono ad interventi artificiali per potenziare le proprie funzioni cognitive. L’analisi evidenzia come, nel rifiutare l’IC, la comunità sorda possa voler tutelare un insieme di valori non così diverso da quello che la comunità generale richiama spesso nelle sue preoccupazioni rispetto alla diffusione dei PCog. Parole chiave : Impianto cocleare; Potenziamento cognitivo; Sordità; Cultura sorda The cochlear implant as cognitive enhancement? A neuroethical perspective on some issues raised by the deaf community: The cochlear implant is a neuroprosthesis that allows for partial recovery of auditory function in individuals who are deaf. Despite its general efficacy, its use has been strongly opposed by a part of the deaf community that perceives deafness as a form of cultural identity, rather than a pathology. This article considers the concerns of the deaf community – which are often difficult for hearing people to understand – from a neuroethics perspective, proposing that such opposition to CI is analogous to the general population’s unease with regard to Cognitive Enhancement. CE allows healthy individuals who are unsatisfied with – or would like to improve – their performance to use artificial interventions that enhance cognitive functions. The analysis reveals that, when opposing CIs, the deaf community may be protecting a set of values similar to those that the general community often evokes when voicing concerns about CE diffusion. Keywords: Cochlear Implant; Cognitive Enhancement; Deafness; Deaf Culture. (shrink)

Cette contribution réfléchit aux conditions d’une approche déformalisée de l’intersubjectivité, susceptible de nourrir le projet d’une anthropologie phénoménologique d’inspiration husserlienne. Nous interrogeons d’abord la place architectonique qui revient au problème de la différence sexuelle au sein de la phénoménologie de Husserl, pour montrer qu’il relève du champ thématique de la « générativité ». C’est ensuite la signification de la phénoménologie générative qui est discutée, en dialogue avec les commentateurs qui lui ont accordé une attention particulière (Steinbock, Perreau). Enfin, nous nous (...) penchons sur l’intérêt de Husserl pour la genèse du lien intersubjectif, en privilégiant la référence à la maternité qui est étonnamment présente sous sa plume. L’examen conjoint de ces trois questions vise à faire apparaître l’une des directions que pourrait suivre une entreprise de déformalisation de l’intersubjectivité, et donc une approche plus concrète de celle-ci, sur la base même du traitement qu’en a proposé Husserl. (shrink)

La question que nous souhaitons soulever et qui motive les analyses proposées dans cet article est stratifiée, car elle recoupe de fait plusieurs interrogations connexes. La première est celle de savoir si, lorsqu’elle parle de l’événement dans une acception tellement généralisée qu’elle va jusqu’à l’identifier à la notion même de phénomène, la phénoménologie contemporaine conserve encore une référence fondamentale à l’événement historique. L’événement historique détient-il une fonction pro...

L’article se propose de mettre au jour la spécificité du transcendantalisme kantien, comme enquête portant sur les « conditions de possibilité » des objets de l’expérience, au moyen d’un examen de la nouvelle compréhension que l’entreprise critique propose de la possibilité réelle ou objective. Une analyse du § 76 de la Critique de la faculté de juger nous permet de radicaliser la thèse du premier postulat de la pensée empirique : le possible n’a de sens que par rapport à la (...) subjectivité et à la constitution de son pouvoir de connaître, ce qui coupe court à toute tendance d’inscrire Kant dans la lignée des penseurs de l’univocité de l’être. À partir de là, le débat avec le transcendantalisme scolastique, qui est tout sauf un idéalisme transcendantal, peut être engagé. Une confrontation avec Wolff et sa conception de la philosophie comme science des possibles vient apporter une confirmation supplémentaire à nos hypothèses et conclusions. (shrink)

Maurice Merleau-Ponty et Michel Henry proposent tous les deux une phénoménologie de l’être incarné censée offrir une solution aux apories classiques de l’expérience d’autrui, et cela en donnant au concept d’intersubjectivité la forme inédite d’une intercorporéité. S’il s’agit, en effet, dans les deux cas d’une phénoménologie de l’incarnation, sa force et son radicalisme résident surtout dans la volonté d’arracher la considération de l’intersubjectivité à l’espace d’une philosophie de la consc...

The Treatise On Numbers develops a typical Plotinian inquiry about oneness and intelligible plurality, in which the analysis is based on the problem of the infinite inside the intelligible realm, as it seems to be presented in the socalled generation of numbers in Plato's Parmenides, where numbers are linked to Being, identified by Plotinus with the hypostasis of Intellect, and produce a process of unlimited division. In order to avoid this interpretation, Plotinus finds in other Plato's dialogues the proof that (...) number is an eidetic nature, encompassing all the intelligible entities, so that the infinite has to be interpreted as what is produced by calculus. Other arguments are rather depending on the model of the Old Academy, concerning the relationship between forms and numbers: Plotinus wonders if numbers come ontologically before forms and indeed he states right this position. Other aspects of Plotinus' investigation, which can be traced back to the Old Academy, are the distinction between two kinds of numbers and the doctrine of the unified number. This model of number, quite ambiguous, may be identified with the indefinite dyad, even though the former has to be conceived, differently from that of Old Academy, within a mono-polar framework, according to which the sole principle is the One. (shrink)